The world is hailing the results of the trial of a malaria vaccine from the University of Oxford which indicated it was 77 per cent effective against a disease that kills more than a hundred thousand annually in Nigeria.
The jab, known as R21, is the first that could surpass the World Health Organization goal of an available vaccine with at least 75 per cent efficacy by 2030 and is dramatically better than the existing shots for preventing one of the world’s most deadly diseases.
Mosquirix, the first malaria vaccine, which was initially deployed in 2015, took GSK more than 30 years to develop and was about 39 per cent effective over four years.
In the phase 2b — mid-stage — trial of R21, participants in a higher-dose group were 77 per cent less likely to develop malaria over 12 months of follow-up than those who received a rabies shot as a control.
Those receiving a lower dose of the vaccine’s adjuvant were 71 per cent less likely to develop the illness.
There were no serious side effects. The study inoculated 450 children aged five to 17 months in Burkina Faso.
The Oxford researchers, who are working with India’s Serum Institute and US vaccine maker Novavax, have already launched a phase 3 trial to test the vaccine in a larger population. The existing participants have also been given a booster shot.
The recombinant fusion protein vaccine combined an antigen that signalled the immune system, with Novavax’s Matrix-M adjuvant to boost the efficacy.
Novavax is also using the adjuvant in its Covid-19 vaccine, which a phase 3 trial found was 89 per cent effective. Adrian Hill, director of Oxford’s Jenner Institute, which helped develop the Oxford/AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine, co-authored the draft paper outlining the R21 trial data. He said the results supported its “high expectations” for the vaccine.
“With the commitment by our commercial partner, the Serum Institute of India, to manufacture at least 200m doses annually in the coming years, the vaccine has the potential to have major public health impact if licensure is achieved,” Hill said.
Malaria causes more than 400,000 deaths a year, mostly among children in Africa. Some 229m clinical cases of the disease were reported in 2019.
According to the 2019 World Malaria Report, Nigeria had the highest number of global malaria cases (25 % of global malaria cases) in 2018 and accounted for the highest number of deaths (24 % of global malaria deaths).
Case numbers in the country have plateaued at between 292 and 296 per 1000 of the population at risk between 2015 and 2018. Deaths however fell by 21% from 0.62 to 0.49 per 1000 of the population at risk during that same period.
It has been a struggle to find a vaccine to tackle the disease, with more than 100 candidates examined in clinical trials. Halidou Tinto, regional director of the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé in the Burkina Faso department of Nanoro and the trial’s principal investigator, said he looked forward to demonstrating large-scale efficacy in the phase 3 trial.
“These are very exciting results showing unprecedented efficacy levels from a vaccine that has been well tolerated in our trial programme,” he said.
